Best Essay Writing Service At Bestessaytips Com

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Best Essay Writing Service At Bestessaytips Com

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Essay & Creative Writing Tutor

Essay & Creative Writing Tutor Should a downloaded project fail to reside up to your expectations or meet initial instructions, you can request a refund. The option is out there inside days (relying on the project’s length). We work to verify the expertise of our purchasers is all the time positive. EssayPro is straightforward-to-use - with entry to customer support who are right here to reply any questions or issues you could have. If you’re in any doubt, keep in mind that our service is authorized and legitimate. Our high quality assurance protocol is one thing each creator in-app is required to comply with. They have a number of years of experience within the business. There has by no means been any sort of plagiarism and I even have all the time acquired the grades that I paid for. The most evident tip we may give you is to get rid of all the distractions. Do not check your phone hoping to see pop-up messages from pals or the latest news from social media. Give yourself no less than 30 minutes to write after which make a fast break. They are obsessed with safety measurements and do all that's necessary to make sure customer`s privateness. Every specialist on the team holds a level in one of many 35+ disciplines the service covers. We have consultants in MBA, Accounting, History, Literature, Arts, Humanities, Science, IT, Nursing, Law, and other topics. work and in the end, make sure that any paper is 100% authentic. freebies corresponding to free rewards and paper giveaways for the most loyal of our purchasers. Whenever you want some assistance or guidance, our managers will allow you to. Additionally, you possibly can add an option called VIP help to your order. It signifies that you will obtain responses to your messages and calls immediately and obtain SMS-notifications with the standing of your order. We’ll notify you when the completed copy shall be out there for download. We communicate with our purchasers on a no-name basis and by no means ask them to specify their private particulars. We gained’t know your full name, the name of your college or city. because they lack information materials or don’t know the way to conduct tutorial research. Not an enormous fan of dishonest, but, hey… We all need a helping hand once in a while. At least with masterpapers I can make certain that not a single person will discover out about it. If there may be an excessive amount of on your plate and you wouldn't thoughts having some assist, our experts are right here to assist you. They can stay targeted for so long as it is required. Special thank you to the help team for serving to me with the payment process. I even obtained my essay sooner than I specified in the order form. Writers at all times proofread and edit the first draft so you don’t should do it your self. Fill out the order form fields, telling us what sort of paper you want. One extra advantageous feature of our service is that we offer 24/7 customer help. We have learned to offer the final word client experience to college students from the USA, Canada, Australia, the UK, and the UAE. EssayPro has a certified writing team, providing shoppers with ultimate experiences. As a result, customer satisfaction is at 93.sixty six%, in accordance with reviews. This is an excellent service that I really advocate. I normally base my work on theirs and re-write in my very own style so it’s more like my own work. The final draft might be written, edited, and proofread professionally. Log in to your buyer space on the site and obtain your new plagiarism-free paper, when the deadline comes.

27 Best Essay Writing Apps [Updated] Essay Helper Apps

27 Best Essay Writing Apps [Updated] Essay Helper Apps So, I will recommend this place to my friends with no doubts. It just isn't enough just writing essays â€" they should be unique! Before delivering your paper we use particular software to check the essay for plagiarism and we ship it to you solely after we make sure it is 100% unique. When you buy essay help in our service, you might be asked to mention the precise time whenever you want the project to be ready. Our writers create assignments which are fascinating to read, which comprise attention-grabbing fresh concepts. They use solely checked supplies from dependable recourses. Our superior educational specialists stand for the standard of produced papers and assure the best degree of proficiency. Some papers such as research papers and thesis papers require citations to be included within the textual content, and this could take up lots of time and effort on the part of students. We can do this for you free of charge, simply indicate the sort of citation format that you simply need â€" APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard, and we’ll do the rest. You can use as many revision periods as you should get the essay that meets your whole necessities. You can even ask for a refund if one thing goes mistaken during the course of. We fastidiously follow the deadline which is mentioned by our prospects. We coordinate with every buyer on pleasant basis and wish to make each order like a student wishes. That’s why you'll be able to chat with a author online and share your views on the project, or you possibly can connect some supplies which you would like to be included in your work. We don’t have any patterns, every thing is completed on prospects’ demand. PaperHelpWriting.com at all times assigns an expert in a matching area of research to write down your essay. Everything you should know for writing superb scholarship essays and school essays. If you wish to create the best impression in your professor, you should keep class and quality within the paper. Buy immediate essay writing help from us to ensure that you end the task on the proper time . You could be sure that you will by no means miss the submission deadline with us. Deadlines ought to be taken very critically, since being able to submit your papers on time might be additionally one of many major the reason why you chose to order a paper online. So what do you to enhance your writing expertise if you are having a tough time writing? One of the easiest and likewise handiest thing you can do every day is to only merely learn and write extra. Yes it’s sounds fairly simple but it’s not all the time easy. For starters, this present day the place people are extra used to just looking for things online, lots of people have forgotten the habit of studying, and reading critically. We don’t mean to say that you need to pore over tons of of pages of books, it might be one thing so simple as ending a couple of articles per day, and read things for reputable sources. Our help writing a paper service provides you an excellent opportunity to buy the writing task at any time and any day. Our company provides an inexpensive value for the one written web page so that scholar can afford our service. You always cope with a skillful author since our writers are skilled masters of the word. They can conduct research works, analyses, various calculations, and estimations. Although we belief our writers, we want our shopper to feel as snug utilizing CheetahPapers.com as they can. Therefore, you can find the reassuring record of guarantees on our web site. You might need heard that all the animals have unique coat patterns. It implies that you'll not meet two cheetahs with the identical spots. However, all of the representatives of this species are excellent hunters and have phenomenal velocity. All of our writers have different backgrounds however all of them consistently obtain from good to great suggestions from their clients. It’s getting late and the habitants of savanna are on the brink of sleep and chill out after an exhausting hunt. This method, you can even avoid paying the penalty as nicely. You can track your orders, chat with writers, and upload information â€" any time, any place. Now I can say that it was a fortunate break since you really did a beautiful job. I`m useless sure to get a good grade for the biology paper you`ve sent to me. In addition, it didn’t cost me an arm and a leg to get a paper. You all the time get a wonderful paper written according to your detailed requirements. We know all the tips and suggestions needed to perform excellent written items. Every essay writer within the company is a certified specialist with experience in a certain area of research. It makes our essay assist really skilled and dependable.

27 Best Essay Writing Apps [Updated] Essay Helper Apps

27 Best Essay Writing Apps [Updated] Essay Helper Apps So, I will recommend this place to my friends with no doubts. It just isn't enough just writing essays â€" they should be unique! Before delivering your paper we use particular software to check the essay for plagiarism and we ship it to you solely after we make sure it is 100% unique. When you buy essay help in our service, you might be asked to mention the precise time whenever you want the project to be ready. Our writers create assignments which are fascinating to read, which comprise attention-grabbing fresh concepts. They use solely checked supplies from dependable recourses. Our superior educational specialists stand for the standard of produced papers and assure the best degree of proficiency. Some papers such as research papers and thesis papers require citations to be included within the textual content, and this could take up lots of time and effort on the part of students. We can do this for you free of charge, simply indicate the sort of citation format that you simply need â€" APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard, and we’ll do the rest. You can use as many revision periods as you should get the essay that meets your whole necessities. You can even ask for a refund if one thing goes mistaken during the course of. We fastidiously follow the deadline which is mentioned by our prospects. We coordinate with every buyer on pleasant basis and wish to make each order like a student wishes. That’s why you'll be able to chat with a author online and share your views on the project, or you possibly can connect some supplies which you would like to be included in your work. We don’t have any patterns, every thing is completed on prospects’ demand. PaperHelpWriting.com at all times assigns an expert in a matching area of research to write down your essay. Everything you should know for writing superb scholarship essays and school essays. If you wish to create the best impression in your professor, you should keep class and quality within the paper. Buy immediate essay writing help from us to ensure that you end the task on the proper time . You could be sure that you will by no means miss the submission deadline with us. Deadlines ought to be taken very critically, since being able to submit your papers on time might be additionally one of many major the reason why you chose to order a paper online. So what do you to enhance your writing expertise if you are having a tough time writing? One of the easiest and likewise handiest thing you can do every day is to only merely learn and write extra. Yes it’s sounds fairly simple but it’s not all the time easy. For starters, this present day the place people are extra used to just looking for things online, lots of people have forgotten the habit of studying, and reading critically. We don’t mean to say that you need to pore over tons of of pages of books, it might be one thing so simple as ending a couple of articles per day, and read things for reputable sources. Our help writing a paper service provides you an excellent opportunity to buy the writing task at any time and any day. Our company provides an inexpensive value for the one written web page so that scholar can afford our service. You always cope with a skillful author since our writers are skilled masters of the word. They can conduct research works, analyses, various calculations, and estimations. Although we belief our writers, we want our shopper to feel as snug utilizing CheetahPapers.com as they can. Therefore, you can find the reassuring record of guarantees on our web site. You might need heard that all the animals have unique coat patterns. It implies that you'll not meet two cheetahs with the identical spots. However, all of the representatives of this species are excellent hunters and have phenomenal velocity. All of our writers have different backgrounds however all of them consistently obtain from good to great suggestions from their clients. It’s getting late and the habitants of savanna are on the brink of sleep and chill out after an exhausting hunt. This method, you can even avoid paying the penalty as nicely. You can track your orders, chat with writers, and upload information â€" any time, any place. Now I can say that it was a fortunate break since you really did a beautiful job. I`m useless sure to get a good grade for the biology paper you`ve sent to me. In addition, it didn’t cost me an arm and a leg to get a paper. You all the time get a wonderful paper written according to your detailed requirements. We know all the tips and suggestions needed to perform excellent written items. Every essay writer within the company is a certified specialist with experience in a certain area of research. It makes our essay assist really skilled and dependable.

27 Best Essay Writing Apps [Updated] Essay Helper Apps

27 Best Essay Writing Apps [Updated] Essay Helper Apps So, I will recommend this place to my friends with no doubts. It just isn't enough just writing essays â€" they should be unique! Before delivering your paper we use particular software to check the essay for plagiarism and we ship it to you solely after we make sure it is 100% unique. When you buy essay help in our service, you might be asked to mention the precise time whenever you want the project to be ready. Our writers create assignments which are fascinating to read, which comprise attention-grabbing fresh concepts. They use solely checked supplies from dependable recourses. Our superior educational specialists stand for the standard of produced papers and assure the best degree of proficiency. Some papers such as research papers and thesis papers require citations to be included within the textual content, and this could take up lots of time and effort on the part of students. We can do this for you free of charge, simply indicate the sort of citation format that you simply need â€" APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard, and we’ll do the rest. You can use as many revision periods as you should get the essay that meets your whole necessities. You can even ask for a refund if one thing goes mistaken during the course of. We fastidiously follow the deadline which is mentioned by our prospects. We coordinate with every buyer on pleasant basis and wish to make each order like a student wishes. That’s why you'll be able to chat with a author online and share your views on the project, or you possibly can connect some supplies which you would like to be included in your work. We don’t have any patterns, every thing is completed on prospects’ demand. PaperHelpWriting.com at all times assigns an expert in a matching area of research to write down your essay. Everything you should know for writing superb scholarship essays and school essays. If you wish to create the best impression in your professor, you should keep class and quality within the paper. Buy immediate essay writing help from us to ensure that you end the task on the proper time . You could be sure that you will by no means miss the submission deadline with us. Deadlines ought to be taken very critically, since being able to submit your papers on time might be additionally one of many major the reason why you chose to order a paper online. So what do you to enhance your writing expertise if you are having a tough time writing? One of the easiest and likewise handiest thing you can do every day is to only merely learn and write extra. Yes it’s sounds fairly simple but it’s not all the time easy. For starters, this present day the place people are extra used to just looking for things online, lots of people have forgotten the habit of studying, and reading critically. We don’t mean to say that you need to pore over tons of of pages of books, it might be one thing so simple as ending a couple of articles per day, and read things for reputable sources. Our help writing a paper service provides you an excellent opportunity to buy the writing task at any time and any day. Our company provides an inexpensive value for the one written web page so that scholar can afford our service. You always cope with a skillful author since our writers are skilled masters of the word. They can conduct research works, analyses, various calculations, and estimations. Although we belief our writers, we want our shopper to feel as snug utilizing CheetahPapers.com as they can. Therefore, you can find the reassuring record of guarantees on our web site. You might need heard that all the animals have unique coat patterns. It implies that you'll not meet two cheetahs with the identical spots. However, all of the representatives of this species are excellent hunters and have phenomenal velocity. All of our writers have different backgrounds however all of them consistently obtain from good to great suggestions from their clients. It’s getting late and the habitants of savanna are on the brink of sleep and chill out after an exhausting hunt. This method, you can even avoid paying the penalty as nicely. You can track your orders, chat with writers, and upload information â€" any time, any place. Now I can say that it was a fortunate break since you really did a beautiful job. I`m useless sure to get a good grade for the biology paper you`ve sent to me. In addition, it didn’t cost me an arm and a leg to get a paper. You all the time get a wonderful paper written according to your detailed requirements. We know all the tips and suggestions needed to perform excellent written items. Every essay writer within the company is a certified specialist with experience in a certain area of research. It makes our essay assist really skilled and dependable.

Essay Writing Service â„–1

Essay Writing Service №1 Transfers with bitcoin don’t embody any third parties thus making the whole course of much simpler. This digital foreign money isn't one thing unknown in right now’s world. It has been a lot involved in on a regular basis life that paying in a restaurant or shopping in malls with bitcoins is completely normal. You should perceive what exactly you should improve, and what your goals are. To enhance, you should know where to start out and in what direction you need to move. Fortunately, it doesn't matter what your area of interest is, the next guidelines will assist you to get started. Obviously, your writing also needs to be grammatically right. We know that you don’t need anyone discovering out that you used a writing agency. We’ll maintain all details private and we’ll by no means share the project wherever. Rush Essay allow you to choose the deadline and quality level. This online system doesn’t cost you for creating an account excluding any cost charges for registration on the positioning. This app offers the stay buying and selling function and it’s definitely a reliable crypto trading platform. The cryptocurrency that has taken the world by storm because the first time it appeared in 2008 is called Bitcoin. Satoshi Nakomoto, the person who invented it, has began it as open-supply software program. The right non-public investigator may even know chapter legal guidelines and what it takes to fulfill a court that the debtor has hidden property. We don’t ask prospects for his or her private data. Our editorial group will make certain your paper is topic-related and mistake-free. Be on equal phrases with the best students in the class. But we’ll also treat you with discounts should you come back to us as a loyal user. You’ll submit the payment particulars and we’ll course of the order. Rush Essay is a pay as you go service, but remember that you can all the time get your money back if one thing goes incorrect. Therefore, enterprise writing can be quite difficult, however it doesn’t mean that you can not improve your writing abilities. Since 2019, the company is compensating for flight delays however recently the cryptocurrency choice has been added. Companies use apps out there within the app retailer for download that automatically transfers the funds to the passenger’s account each time there's a flight delay. So far, bitcoins users could simply commerce their bitcoins online using Bitcoin Trader. It is among the most popular online trading platforms. Our fee system is encrypted with HTTPS to ensure that all online transactions made on our website are safe and safe. We just be sure you is not going to be a victim of bank card fraud or hacking which is prevalent in other websites out there at present. Even after we’ve given your paper to you, you can still request for edits and revisions for as much as days after relying on the kind of your paper. These are just some of the books we will recommend and we’re certain that there are much more you could learn that can assist you improve your writing. Students these days are inundated with a lot more workload than their older counterparts. Because of the rising rise of expertise, it has additionally been a part of kids’s school rooms and discussions, from as younger as elementary all the way to highschool. With this in thoughts, we’ve gathered and educated our editorial employees to ensure that all content produced by our consultants is completely checked earlier than supply. We have our personal library entry to major literature databases and reputable journals. Profound analysis is conducted to ensure that your project is backed-up with up-to-date info, scholarly supplies, and theoretical foundations. Use the tracking system to verify the writing progress, readiness level, and the status of your order. You should know precisely what you’re going to put in writing, and how you’re going to make use of it. If you google “how to enhance business writing abilities,” you will find 1000's of ideas, like “keep it easy,” or “avoid passive voice.” These are good suggestions. However, you gained’t have the ability to enhance your corporation writing should you simply comply with random recommendation. Based on your wants, you’ll discover the proper steadiness. We’ll ship related content material that you should use immediately. RushEssay has a special discount provide for brand new users. We want you to feel comfy if you hire us for the primary time, so we give you the most reasonably priced value attainable.

Academic Tutor How do you make work more like play again

So maybe this isn't a typical day at the office, but you get the idea... In grade school, work is designed to be all about fun. Or, it’s supposed to be, if you have good teachers. The best teachers are passionate enough that their enthusiasm is infectious, and they cleverly disguise learning mechanics as games and worksheets that are delightful to complete. I realize I may be flagging myself as an academic nerd to be reminiscing so fondly on the lateral thinking puzzles I used to do, or the Pencil Wise number games that I would actually bust out as soon as I got home. What can I say – they do make working fun! Now, the bestacademic tutors also follow a similar prescription. Academic tutoring is often a long haul affair, requiring dynamic curriculum content and adjustment to student progress, attitudes, and learning. There are so many ways to make the 1-on-1 learning experience engaging and fun. Whether in a creative field like expository writing, or in geometry, great learning is all about priming a student to the right brain processes. We may then all arrive at the same answers (at least in math), but every individual’s path to building that mental skillset will be a little different, filled with different puzzles and hacks! All this said, in addition to seeking good teachers and tutors, you can (and should) have a role in making your work more like play. It’s important; in fact I would even say essential, to your health. Studies have shown that we’re protected from burnout and depression if we're able to find fun in work. For ambitious, high-achieving students, this will be an indispensable skill to carry forward into your career. Here are 3 tips to get you started down the path to work-time bliss. If these seem obvious to you or you’ve heard them before, they are still crucial enough to be worth repeating! Align aspects of your work with what you truly enjoy. What do we tend to enjoy deeply? Usually things that pique our curiosity, that tickle our fancy somehow, and may be very personally meaningful and satisfying. There are tons of career coaching books out there about finding happiness, most emphasizing the need to look beyond money (only once past a certain minimum threshold, though). In school, you’ll need to look for those specific classes or projects that strike deeper chords for you, and strive to do more of their kind. Moving ahead into your career, you’ll have tolook for the specific tasks that remind you of ways you loved to be when you were younger. Why do I recommend relating this to your youth? Well, that was the time of life when things were just less complicated. We tend to be more ourselves when we have fewer responsibilities. There are always times when things are relatively easy and simple, then explode with uncertainty, then are reduced into simple syrup again. It’s just the natural course; this is how we find new directions and fulfillment in life. Stay rooted to your core self along the way, and you are sure to find satisfaction in each new venture. 2. Look for fields where you get to really be yourself and express your personality. We feel better when we’re in our element, of course. That doesn’t mean that you should try to be entirely comfortable in a work environment, which most of us would find boring after a time. Instead, inherent traits like being competitive, tendency to reflect, or intellectualism are important factors to match to the work you do. For example: Do you seek a fast-paced field with a lot of players? Do you love to think deeply and integrate a lot of pieces into a sum greater than its parts? Do you thrive when you are analytically breaking down a subject, and discussing metrics and flaws? The more you can harness your intrinsic personality as an advantage in your work, the more the work will make your heart sing. 3. Find situations where you can relax enough to learn. This tip is more relevant to job life than to school, where you essentially have to learn regardless of how you feel about it. In work life, there is a need to perform, but what some people may not give themselves is the time to continuously learn. Any challenging, fulfilling job will require you to figure things out on the spot. Look for environments where the pace of the learning curve is within your reach. Though it can be scary, moments of learning on the job can be the most exciting. After all, you’re in a brand new place, faced with mysterious unknowns that are all little puzzles to solve! Our work can stop being fun when the subject matter stops being interesting; we don’t ever feel like ourselves doing it; or we are overwhelmed by what we have to do. After school, the runway of obvious choices being presented to us disappears, and we’re left to find out what options we have on our own. That means we’re free to craft work that is within our means to accomplish, and is also delightful to us. Design your work and career. You’ll find that great reward comes from taking the time to look past the obvious: salary, benefits, and name brand. You can be a part of something that you find truly amazing – it’s all about what the experience means toyou. ;

the call of the wild Essay - 952 Words

The Call of the Wild, on the surface, is a story about Buck, a four- year old dog that is part Shepherd and part St. Bernard. More importantly, it is a naturalistic tale about the survival of the fittest in nature. Throughout the novel, Buck proves that he is fit and can endure the law of the club, the law of the fang, and the laws of nature. Buck had been raised in California, on the ranch of Judge Miller. There he had the run of the place and was loved and pampered by all. Unfortunately, one of the judges workers had a gambling problem and stole Buck to sell him for fifty dollars. Buck fights being tied, caged, and beaten, but his efforts only frustrate him. He is put on a train and a boat, being shipped to Alaska to be used as a†¦show more content†¦Most of the other dogs stay away from Buck because of his size and strength, but Spitz becomes his constant enemy, from whom he learns an important lesson. Spitz fights with Curly, one of the dogs that is friendly to Buck. Buck watches as all the other dogs attack and kill Curly once he is down. Buck is determined he will never be put in the same position. He will fight to the death if necessary. Spitz constantly picks on Buck, wanting to get in a fight with him; Buck, however, resists the challenges from Spitz. Then one time he steals the resting-place that Buck has created for himself. Buck has had enough and attacks Spitz with a vengeance. Francois and Perrault have to separate the two dogs. Although the fight is stopped, the animosity continues, and the two enemies are always in a skirmish. Then one day when Spitz prematurely kills a rabbit that all the dogs have been chasing, Buck attacks again. The battle is fierce, and Buck is losing. He then calls upon his intelligence and imagination to defeat Spitz. Instead of going for his throat, Buck attacks Spitzs front legs, breaking both of them. Once he is down, the other dogs come in for the kill. Now that Spitz has been eliminated, Buck is determined to become the leader of the dog sled team. When Francois and Perrault harness Sol-leks at the front of the team instead of Buck, he refuses to fall into his place. When the drivers try to catch him, Buck runs out of reach. The quot;gamequot; of tag continues forShow MoreRelatedThe Call Of The Wild1092 Words   |  5 Pages The book ‘The Call of the Wild’ uses the characters, storyline and subject matter to explore ideas that almost all of us experience. This lesson will fill you in on these themes, help with understanding the storyline, and offer a few questions to test your comprehension. !!!’’The Call of the Wild’’ - The Basics Author __Jack London__ wasn t your typical storyteller. 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Enron Corporate Culture - 3743 Words

ENRON Corporate Culture Q1: Analyse the corporate culture at Enron and its management’s behaviour. Include in your analysis, the normative theory of ethics which you would consider most relevant in driving the decision making at Enron. Enron began by merger of two Houston pipeline companies in 1985, although as a new company Enron faced a lot of financial difficulties in the starting years, though the company was able to survive these financial problems (Enron Ethics, 2010). In 1988 the deregulation of the electrical power markets came into action and flipped the company from up to down, after deregulation company business updated from delivering energy to becoming an energy broker and soon after this Enron once a company struggling†¦show more content†¦(Enron Ethics, 2010). In this case of Enron the corporate culture played a vital role of its collapse. It was culture of full of moneymaking strategies and greed, in the firm Greed was good and money was God. There was no or very little regards for ethics or the law, they operated as there was no law and ethics in the world (Enron Ethics, 2010). Such culture affected all the employees of the firm from top to down. Organizational culture supported unethical behaviour and practises, corruption, cheating and those were all widespread. Many executives and managers knew that the firm is following illegal and unethical practises, but the executives and the board of directors did not knew how to change this unethical culture, the firm used creative accounting and were making showing misleading profits every day. Reputation management enabled them carry on their illegal and unethical operations. Moreover if the company made huge Revenue in the unethical way then the new individual who joined the firm would also h ave to practise all those unethical practises to survive in the company. All of the management was filled by greed and ambition, their decisions became seriously imperfect, thus the firm fell back and managers had to pay in the price in the form imprisonment and fines. Greed is the main key factors that brought the Enron â€Å"the most innovative company† to downfall. Enron was looking into the ways ofShow MoreRelatedEnron And Corporate Culture Of Enron1322 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In 1985 The Enron Corporation came into existence after a successful merger between two gas pipeline companies. The company nurtured a very competitive culture, which encouraged employees to win at any means necessary. Enron’s culture led employees to â€Å"cast loyalty and ethics aside in favor of high performance† (Ferrell, p. 494). The executives of Enron covered up their increasing debt by using special purpose entities. 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The Importance of Process Planning and Designing

Question: Discuss about The Importance of Process Planning and Designing. Answer: Process planning and designing is a wide concept and a key for success for any professional. Unplanned work leads to an unidentified path which yields nil results. Without planning and designing ones work, it is difficult to achieve the desired results within the specified time frame and limitations. Deciding upon the course of action required for the transformation of raw materials to finished products is termed as process planning. For achieving the output of a product as per the specified design, a series of planned operations have to be executed in a timely manner. The operations to be performed are both complex as well as simple in nature. More attention is required in the execution of complex processes as they take more time. As a marketer, it is very important for me to understand the present processes which are already in vogue and then suggest changes and modifications only after analysing the profits that the organization would be able to earn upon its implementation. Bring ing changes in the existing process is a very costly affair for any organization and it would have a direct impact on its brand image as well as the top line. Thus for a new entrant like me process planning and designing basically caters to transformation process i.e. the art of utilizing the current equipment and machinery for delivering ones own processes and designs. Companies favour those who try to do something new with the available resources, investing little into new equipments and machinery because of the cost factor. Process design in simpler terms can be defined as an operational chain with detailed progression stages to be performed so as to achieve the specification of the designs without compromising on the quality as well as the timely disposal of activities. These two are the most important factors that is to be considered along with ensuring to utilize the available resources in the most optimum manner so that production cost is also reduced. All this can be achieved only if proper integration is done between the human capital and the other resources. Machines cannot work on their own until and unless an input is given by the workers, thus a proper co-ordination between the two is of utmost importance. Trying to bring a revolutionary change into the current process of an established entity is the most challenging task. One has to first and foremost convince the management about the viability of the proposed changes with regards safety, brand building, timely conversion, production increase , cost benefit analysis, acceptability by the floor people as they are the ones who are directly attached to performances. It is very important to ensure that transformation within oneself and in the outside world is to be done gradually. It would seem very impracticable to expect that once a process has been planned and designed then it should be put to action instantly. The transformation process has to be given its own time to breathe. The most important segment of an organization is operations and its management. As a marketer it is to be understood by me that for introducing a change a study with regards the amount of value addition that it would do to ones personality, brands, customers to whom it will cater to finally and the cost factor from the companys view point has to be accounted for. Thus according to me transformation is easily identifiable and related with regards the conversion of raw materials but where transformation with regards any data or human capital is associated then the change is not evident enough to be noticeable. This makes it clear to me that expecting a sudden change to be visible to the organization at its very instance is not true. The change is gradual, however with regards any kind of product development change the result will be instantaneous. Similarly expecting a transformation in the behaviour of the customers and the internal staff at its very brim is false. Change in human nature may take place but its effect is gradual and hence adequate space has to be given for the same. Analysis of the results of implementation of a new process design and its transformed state has to be done by breaking the entire chain into smaller parts. It is only then I will be able to analyse the success parameters. Thus on a conclusive note I would like to bring to light that if I were to succeed both in profession as well as personal life, planning and designing of processes is of utmost importance. A pre-defined path and clarity in thoughts and processes will help to make this transformation easier. Before introducing change in any organization, the confidence of the people who would be a party of them is required to be won by making them a part of such a planning and designing process and welcoming their suggestions.

What Is Enlightenment According to Kant Essay Example

What Is Enlightenment According to Kant? Essay For 100s of old ages inquiries such as what is enlightenment and how can we be enlightened were asked. and many different replies were given. Some tell that it is all about being educated. cognizing few linguistic communications or being a great mathematician or a author ; others. on contrary. say that is non about academic instruction. but about instruction of our psyches. that brings harmoniousness and repose. But every informant has its ain truth. So in 1784. philosopher Immanuel Kant wrote What is Enlightenment? and told that Enlightenment is man’s release from his self-incurred tutelage . In other words Kant means that being enlightened agencies to be self-sufficing and hardworking by agencies of being free. honest and responsible. Independence is a province of being free from one’s changeless attention and support. As Kant said freedom is the possible manner to enlightenment ; But that the populace should edify itself is more possible ; so if merely freedom is granted enlightenment is about certain to follow . But being independent is non something that is put in us from the start ; from the really get downing people ever tend to look up for aid and support. Get downing from our childhood. we ever depend on people that are around us. For illustration. parents are ever at that place to assist us no affair what and protect us every clip there is a demand. Of class. it is obvious that without parents we merely wouldn’t survive in this universe. But as we grow up we get used to this province. when we’re taken attention of. Later on. used to this changeless attention. we start to mistreat it. Kant said For any individual person to work himself out of the life under tuition. which has become about his nature. is really hard. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Enlightenment According to Kant? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Enlightenment According to Kant? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Enlightenment According to Kant? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He has come to be fond of his province. and he is for the present truly incapable of doing usage of his reason . Hence. when there is something unknown on our manner and there is no 1 to state us what to make or make it for us. we merely seek to avoid our ain jobs. Therefore. we neer learn to be independent. because we have neither cognition. nor bravery to confront our jobs and seek to work out them ourselves. As an illustration. I have a younger sister. who is non much younger than me. so she’s able to take attention of herself ; she does her jobs such as pressing her ain apparels or rinsing them and etc. Unfortunately she neer cooks for herself ; because. ever holding our female parent or me by her side. she neer tried cooking even one time. And when I scold her. stating that she must larn how to cook. she ever replies me with: Why do I need to cognize how to cook if you are ever traveling to be by my side? Besides Kant said Laziness and cowardliness are the grounds why so great a part of world. after nature has long since discharged them from external way. however remains under womb-to-tomb tutelage . As an illustration. I have a cousin. who neer even thinks to make things himself. All his life he had parents. siblings and even amahs to transport out his responsibilities and take attention of him. In other words. if he can merely pay – others will easy set about the boring work for him . But one time he will be left entirely. without any financess. he won’t be able to make anything. Further. Kant tells us that. although we’re free to make. believe and state what we want. we still can’t make this. because we have boundaries and bounds ; we have Torahs and regulations to follow. if non so we’ll be judged and punished. Kant said: Argue every bit much as you will. and about what you will. but obey . So we can doubt and oppugn the regulations and Torahs set for us by others but have no pick but to follow them. Following this farther. Kant gives us a batch of illustrations. First of all. he points out that an officer on responsibility can’t inquiry an order he was given. he must obey. But. the right to do comments on errors in the military service and convey them out to public for judgement can’t rightly be refused him as a bookman. Second. a citizen. who can’t refuse to pay his revenue enhancements. because if he does. he will be punished. At the same clip. if he acts as a bookman and non as a citizen. his actions won’t be judged. Because as a bookman he has a right to state out loud what he thinks is unfair and inappropriate. To sum up. I want to state that I agree with Kant. We can be free and honest to ourselves and the 1s that are around us. but we must be responsible for our actions and obey the regulations and Torahs ; for. merely freedom. honestness and duty can allow us the enlightenment that we are all endeavoring for. Though we can neer be to the full enlightened. we can at least seek to make the highest point possible.

The glass Menagerie By T Williams Essays

The glass Menagerie By T Williams Essays The glass Menagerie By T Williams Essay The glass Menagerie By T Williams Essay Essay Topic: Literature The Glass Menagerie The glass menagerie is a play written by Tennessee Williams in the mid 1940s and is what many consider to be his best ever work. Like many of his plays, The Glass Menagerie is set in the south of Northern America and consists of five characters. The play is said to mirror Tennessees life very closely as he was brought up with an overbearing mother, a disabled sister and devoid of a father figure in his life. The play shows the Tom characters struggle for independence and freedom from his current existence. The entire play is centred on two of the five characters, even though one of these characters, the gentleman caller, only arrives in the final scenes, and the father, who is illusive throughout the entire play but is mentioned and referred to throughout. For the performance piece, I played the character of Amanda, Toms imperious mother. The scene that we performed was directly after a scene where Tom and Amanda had had a furious argument with Amanda and Tom both saying how they truly felt about how the other one treats and acts towards them. Our scene starts with lots of stage directions that truly build up the tension between Tom and Amanda that grows and grows with the silence and the physical distance between them, and is only broken by Tom breaking this strain of characters by saying the first sorry. There is very strong sub- text to the scene that is shown more in the stage directions then in the text. The sub- text being that Amanda was truly hurt by the things that Tom had said to her and is genuinely terrified that she will once again be left another loved one, but this does not mean that she is scarred because she will miss her son solely as a mother, but because the more manipulative, self centred side of her will miss him as the provider and the bread-winner. This sub- text is apparent when she turns the conversation from Toms love of the movies to how he should completely forget about his own aspirations and dreams and concentrate more on his job, most young men find adventure in their careers. which is paying for the house which he coincidently he shares with his mother and sister. The main plot in the scene is not set and changes from Tom apologising to his mother, to her trying to talk to him about Laura, to them both ultimately arguing about what they where arguing about in the previous scene. I played the character of Amanda to demonstrate the plot and the sub-text by using the dialogue and the stage directions that are given and exaggerated them slightly as the play is that of memory and is not a realistic play. I used facial expressions to display the way I felt about the way the conversation was going and to show the way that my character was feeling, such as the look of embarrassment when she asks Tom, promise me son that you will never be a drunkard. I think that while asking Tom this Amanda has an uncomfortable look because that is how she feels, she thinks that Tom may dismiss her worries as a load of over the top dramatisation that his is so used to seeing from his mother, or because she is revealing one of her biggest fears to her son, that stems from her husband leaving her, and will also expose an extremely venerable side of her that her son has probably never seen to her before. The start of the scene is one of the most important parts, as it is the part that has the most stage directions in it. The stage directions that were given told me that I should play Amanda as a hard character, I showed this by turning away from Tom as soon as he entered the room, and saying like this throughout, until he apologised. When he did apologise I remained facing away from him because even though Amanda was crying, Tom had given her the higher status by making amends first, and I feel that Amanda is a character that would want to hold on to the higher status for as long as she could, and by turning away from Tom she is keeping him in suspense as to how she is going to react to his request for forgiveness. The staging of the scene is very simple as the entire play is a memory and is therefore very selective. The set for this scene is a small dining table and two chairs. All of the props are mimed as directed at the very beginning of the play. The audience were end on as we felt that they could then see all of the facial expressions and gestures better in this type of staging. The only entrance made is from Tom as we thought that is would be better if Amanda was already in the scene, that way the audience would be able to see the contrast between how she behaves and her body language is before Tom is in the scene, and how she is and how they are towards each other after he has entered. There is a moment at the very beginning of the play where there is no dialogue but lots of stage directions. This creates a very tense atmosphere as neither of our characters was doing a lot of movement, but because they have just had a dispute and you can see that Tom is going to make an attempt to talk or apologise to Amanda it builds and builds the tension so much that with every failed attempt Tom makes, the atmosphere is at breaking point, until Tom actually speaks and it is somewhat of an anti-climax as all of a sudden all of the dramatic tension is lost and Amanda cries. This section as an opening to the scene also shows pace as well, as the pace in the beginning is very slow and almost not moving at all, as where in the middle of the scene where Tom and Amanda have started arguing again the pace is very quick with lines overlapping. This also created a tense atmosphere between our two characters but in a different way to the start of the scene. The moment in the middle of the play where Amanda changes from the nicer Amanda back to the familiar aggressive Amanda, I made a long pause to show that a change had occurred, and also to allow time for the audience to take in what had happened in the scene and what would happen. I tried to make the change in her personality clear also by using lots of facial expressions.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 15

Assignment Example For example, the electricity bills of the factories or the taxes paid on land are fixed costs because even if no production takes place in the factories, these costs would still be incurred. Variable costs, on the other hand, are those costs that are directly related to the number of units produced (Case & Fair, 2007). For example, depending on the number of cars produced, the variable costs would differ because for every additional car produced, the company would incur costs in components such as doors, engines, glasses, mirrors, seats, etc. As the demand of new cars increases, the demand curve shifts to the right (D1). This means that for the same price (P0), a higher quantity of cars (Q1) would be demanded. As a result, firms can observe higher profits by increasing the price, which in return causes the demand to decrease until the intersection of D1 and S0 is reached. At this point (E*), the market is in equilibrium. As demand for new cars increased and demand for used cars decreased, firms would decrease prices of the used cars to increase sales. Therefore, overall, the price and output of used cars would decrease. An obvious opportunity cost for funding the Scrappage Scheme is that the government could have used that money on other areas of the transport industry. For instance, if the government observed a decline in the number of cars purchased, due to recession and increasing fuel prices, it could have made investments to boost the public transport sector and could have promoted the usage of public transport and created more job opportunities there. There are many reasons why PED for cars is likely to be more elastic in large cities. Firstly, the larger cities, such as London, are economic hubs of UK and they have a good infrastructure present. These places offer a large of substitutes for cars to the consumers. There are many forms of public transports available, for example. The consumers can

QuickTest or WinRunner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

QuickTest or WinRunner - Essay Example Mercury QuickTest Professionalâ„ ¢ (QTP) and WinRunner (WR) are automated functional Graphical User Interface (GUI) testing tools created by the HP quality management and performance testing solutions subsidiary Mercury Interactive (now HP Software) based in Sunnyvale, CA, with R&D in Israel (Mar, 2007, p. 2) that allow the automation of user actions on a web or client based computer application. WinRunner was introduced in 1995 while QuickTest Pro has been available since about 2002 (LoPorto, n. d., p. 3).The Software Test & Performance 2006, Tester’s Choice Grand Award winner (Award-Winning QA by Any Other Name Would Smell as Sweet, 2007, para.1), Mercury QuickTest Professionalâ„ ¢ is a next-generation automated testing solution. It provides the industry’s best solution for functional test and regression test automation – addressing every major software application and environment including next-generation development technologies such as Web Services, Ma cromedia Flex, .NET, J2EE, and ERP/CRM applications (Mercury Functional Testing: Mercury QuickTest Professional , 2006, p.2). Mercury QuickTest Professionalâ„ ¢ uses the Keyword-driven testing concept to radically simplify test creation and maintenance. Its unique Keyword-driven testing approach enables the test automation experts to have full access to the underlying test and object properties, via an integrated scripting and debugging environment that is round-trip synchronized with the Keyword View (Mercury QuickTest Professional, 2007, para. 2).... d., p. 3). Over the past decade, WinRunner is one of the market leaders when it comes to automated functional testing tools. WinRunner utilizes a "Graphical User Interface (GIU) Map" approach to create an automated test script. Since each object within a test has a minimum set of physical attributes that make it unique (Korhonen, 2000, p. 26) hence WinRunner recognizes objects like buttons and edit fields by their unique properties.It can also be used to create automated scripts for applications created using a range of technologies, including Java, Siebel, PowerBuilder, and Delphi (Mercury WinRunner, 2006, p. 2). It has gain an enormous popularity and thousands of developers has gathered under its flag who have improved their skills in this product over the years of their professional careers. With Mercury WinRunner, the organization reduces testing time by automating repetitive tasks, optimizes testing efforts by covering diverse environments with a single testing tool and maximizes return on investment through modifying and reusing test scripts as the application evolves (Quality Assurance, n. d., pp. 1-3). Although WinRunner has proved to be an efficient testing tool and it has become an industry standard as functional testing technology, yet continuous technological development scenario has highlighted its few short comes or limitations over its applications. In a number of applications, WinRunner has fallen short to recognize a lot of texts, graphics and drop-down lists hence failed to make sure that all of the company's software 100% error-free. To be able to check all of the texts, graphics and drop-down lists, developers have to do more work. This really degrades the automation testers efficiency and makes it impossible for

Ethical Standards Within the Healthcare Industry Essay Example for Free

Ethical Standards Within the Healthcare Industry Essay ABSTRACT   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This research functions as an analysis of the essential similarities and differences between the ethical standards upheld by the health care sector and the non health care sector. The health care sector includes hospitals, clinics, and private practices while the non-health care sector includes commercial, technological, industrial and other sectors. The paper discusses regulations and legislation of ethical practices and finds that the extent to which ethics and law overlap is dependent on such factors as the type of harm that can be done to citizens as a result of an action. The paper also discusses the extent to which the administration of ethical rules takes place within the sectors in question.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It posits that the health care sector maintains a high standard in ethical practice, especially in the medical, pharmaceutical and a few paramedical fields. It distinguishes as well as defines clearly the concept of ethics and law and how they are legislated in a few selected establishments. Meticulous care has also been taken to probe and illuminate the nuances of the controversial disclosure law and to give insight into the strong ethical question that it addresses in the health care industry. Equally, the issues concerning the consent and privacy rules were also dealt with in an in-depth and comprehensive manner. In addition to this, the paper explains the several ways in which information can be protected from physical and electronic abuse. It also delves into the areas of weakness and threat faced in technological security.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ethics of the health care and the non health care sectors were also examined through these lens of technological security, and analysis was done of the methods used by each sector to secure information. Finally, the implications of this research outlined at the end of this report and recommendations are then given for improving ethical practice. The researcher suggests ways of improving the quality of ethical standard in the major health sector as well as other branches like the paramedical. Furthermore, the recent developments in electronic assessment and the dissemination of business information are shown to create a need for both regulation and legislation. There is a demonstrated need for simplification of all ethical legislating and regulating information so that such might be made available to everybody who desires to learn and abide by ethical standards. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ethics is a philosophy of life and became a part of the business world. The complexity and critical needs of the health care industry are more prone to medical errors which could cost human lives. The quality of care is measured by ethical factors related with the medical industry. However, ethics go beyond quality of care and include many other areas in the health care industry. The role of health care administration in the organization is to ensure that customers are protected completely and that their privacy are not violated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The practice of ethics is also one of the duties and responsibilities of the Health Care Administrator and as such, the present paper aims to identify the position and practice of ethics in the health care industry with other non health care industries. In doing so, the paper intends to gain insights of ethical practices of non-health care industries and tries to recommend the best practices for the health care industry if gaps are found. In order to evaluate the key issues of ethical practices in both sectors, the paper considers the Information Security aspect of business Information.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Thus, the paper aims to compare the ethical practices mainly concentrating in the primary areas of information Privacy and Security from health care and the E-commerce sectors. Every responsible activity in any organized sector of human endeavor requires some form of regulation. Whether it is written or unwritten, legally documented or morally documented, the study also tries to observe the ethical practices against the industry specific ethical standards and legal policies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ethics can be defined as learning of what is right or wrong and then doing the right thing. Generally, ethics are aimed at the employees of organizations whose management experienced problems. LAW AND ETHICS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Legal Information Institute (1999) defines â€Å"law† as a set of rules that are considered universal and that show both internal and external consistency. They are publicized and are usually accepted by the society in which they are published. They should also be enforced. Such laws are regulations that govern how persons in a given society are expected to behave toward others, who make up the society, and standards the persons who live within that environment are required (and not just expected) to adhere to. The government is responsible for enacting such laws, and is empowered to use security forces to ensure these laws are enforced. Sue Anstead (1999) has identified five following criteria that must exist for laws to be considered as such: consistency, universality, publication, acceptance, and enforcement. First, Consistency refers to the idea that contradictory requirements cannot be considered law, as it would be impossible for people to obey both. Second, universality demonstrates that the requirements should apply to all who share similar situations within a given society. Third, publication promotes the idea that the requirements should be available to all via some method of written publication. Fourth, acceptance means that the requirements must be generally considered appropriate. When acceptance of the law occurs, it will be nearly universally obeyed. Finally, the enforcement criterion reflects the idea that the members of the given group must be forced to comply with the regulation and punished should they choose to disobey.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Anstead (1999) has also noted that the Greek word ethos is that from which the English word â€Å"ethics† is derived. The Greek word is one that means character, and the Latin equivalent of same words adds the idea of custom to the meaning of the term. The combination of these ideas reflects the choice that people within a society make regarding their mode of interaction. The philosophical rendering of the word â€Å"ethics† gives the definition as that which is good or wholesome for the person as well as his social environment and it also describes the duties that should be performed from one person to another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ethics has many philosophical traits that one might describe as â€Å"common† to all forms of the term. It is concerned with the apprehension of things considered acceptable—or the distinguishing of right from wrong. Furthermore, ethics are designed compel the individuals to choose the right over the wrong. Decisions that are considered ethical are generally attended by consequences that extend over a discernible period. There are also generally several options regarding behavior, so that a person must make a choice to be ethical in his/her behavior.      Ã‚  Ã‚  However, ethics are not considered to be the same as morality. The difference that lies between them is delicate but important to learn   and understand. Judgment is at the heart of morality, as it has to do with certain â€Å"standards of behavior by which individuals are judged, and [†¦] which people in general are judged in their relationships with others (Anstead, 1999).† Ethics, however, differs from this as it encircles the entire belief system upon which a certain version of morality rests. The values connected with ethics and those principles one finds in conjunction with the law are generally related to each other. However, ethical responsibilities are often greater than legal ones. However, the opposite is also true at times. As a matter of fact, it might be said that â€Å"although law most times embodies ethical principles, law and ethics are far from co-extensive (Ibid).†   One finds that no laws exist against certain actions that may be considered even by many as unethical. On the other hand, the law does prohibit some acts that are not considered unethical but may just be dangerous. Examples of these abound, but just to name a couple: making false claims about a certain situation or betraying the trust of a friend is, in most cases, not considered illegal. However, such an act is almost universally considered unethical. Similarly, speeding is against the law, though many would agree that most people do not find such an action unethical (AMA, 1994; Anste ad, 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   McNamara (1999) has described a scenario in which the relationship between law and ethics is depicted. When setting up a set of criteria or guidelines that help in the detection, resolution, and the warding off or discouragement of breaches to ethical codes, an organization is often secured against involvement in further legal problems. According to Anstead (1999), â€Å"Federal sentencing guidelines passed in 1991, for example, permit judges to reduce fines and jail time for executives proportionate to the ethical measures a company has taken (Ibid).† This makes it a wise decision for any company to take time to develop a code of ethics. If an organization develops positive methods for dealing with situations concerning ethics, this will give them the opportunity to extend mitigated punishments, in the event that legal violations do occur.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Guidelines or codes that govern the conduct of individuals, and which are of the sort that is universally agreed upon as good actions, should be provided to the public in written form within a document. Such a document must be observed and upheld as one containing principles that are designed to guide the public (Anstead, 1999). At this point, the document should then be transformed into law. In several contexts, and especially in non-healthcare situations, one finds that the law contains no real documented types of ethical legislation. A person is generally viewed as being capable of and willing to exercise ethical conduct within a given scenario as the need arises. However, no general effort is usually placed into predicting the types of scenarios in which ethics might play a part, as well as the types of ethical behaviors that might be required. As a result, no systematic code of ethics has been captured and written down for several industries outside of the healthcare industry (Anstead, 1999). Many laws have been drafted and put into place, guarding against harm to employees and other modes of unethical conduct in the working environment. The Department of Labor is responsible for the administration of such laws within the United States. However, they are generally reflective of ethical benchmarks adhered to by most persons and organizations within society. Laws that perform such duties include the Americans with the Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). The ADA (1990) has stipulated the following: No covered entity shall discriminate against a qualified individual with a disability because of the disability of such individual with regard to job application procedures, the hiring, advancement, or discharge of employees, employee compensation, job training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment (ADA, 1990).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It would not be against the ethical standards of most to admit that the denial of employment, promotions, or other benefits to a person with a disability would be wrong once that denial is based only on the fact that the person carries that handicap. This is especially true when the disability in question poses no impediment to the proper completion of the task required by the job. Ethics in the workplace also extends to the business person who finds himself under no legal obligation to refrain from divulging information given to him in private by a colleague. This is in direct opposition to the kind of confidentiality required in the healthcare system. Medical professionals must adhere to strict guidelines concerning the sharing of information about patients’ medical conditions (Agelus, 2004; AMA, 1994). In doing this, these professionals adhere both to ethical as well as legally binding guidelines. ETHICAL RULES FOR EMPLOYEES   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Employees that work within corporations and at executive levels are held to guidelines that are usually termed â€Å"ethics standards† (Anstead, 1999). The sources from which these guidelines are obtained as statutes concerning â€Å"criminal conflict of interests† and those concerning â€Å"administrative standards of ethical conduct† (Ibid). It is by way of such statutes that the government itself has become involved in the enforcement of ethical behavior within the corporate world (Budd, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The United States has a Criminal Conflict of Interest Statute, and the ethical nature of this law can be reflected within the United States Code. This statute bans such behavior as employees performing such actions that show their own interests to be given priority over that of the Federal government itself. It is known that obtaining information within a business setting is for the purpose of protecting the interested parties equally. In the healthcare industry, this refers to the doctor and the patient. In these scenarios, it becomes in the interest of all persons involved that information divulged in private remains confidential (AMA, 1994). Part 2635 of the Code of Federal Regulations exemplifies standards of administration as stipulated by the Ethical Conduct Regulation. According to Anstead (1999), â€Å"The standards of conduct regulation establish principles of ethical conduct for employees within the executive branch and the regulation not only identifies the principles but also provides easy to understand examples of how the principles apply (Ibid).† These guidelines that govern conduct refer to such actions as how to handle the receipt of gifts obtained from sources outside the organization; how to regulate the exchange of gifts between one employee and another; how to mediate conflicts of interests in financial situations; the removal of biases when conducting official business; how to go about finding alternate employment; the proper handling of a position of authority; how properly to balance activities outside and inside the organization. CODE OF ETHICS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Companies and organizations within the private, non-health sector often set up their own ethical guidelines in addition to the already established guidelines provided by the government. These guidelines may be written in a formal manner, or just informally understood among those persons involved. It is usually up to these private bodies to enforce such codes, as the government is generally not capable. When these codes are violated, employees or members within the organization or group may have their employment terminated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Within the healthcare industry, as well as in any related sector in which humans are heavily involved in research, strict rules generally govern the actions of the professionals involved. One example of the strictness of such rules is found in the ethics that govern the carrying out of experiments that involve human subjects. Such research is carried out in hospitals, clinics, and even in universities around the world. In such cases, ethics and law work hand-in-hand, and the idea of consent (which shall later be discussed in further detail) form a large part of that research.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The principle concern of all ethical research done on humans is the offer of informed consent to the subjects who participate in that research. This is defined by the researchers’ granting respect and justice to those being studied (Schrag, 1979). Such research methods that include deception, covert observation, or any other type of concealment regarding the use of information or purpose of the research is considered to be unethical. In some cases, however, it might be necessary that participants be recruited, who are unaware of certain aspects of the processes involved in the study. In such cases, an institutional review board or ethics committee must be approached, and accommodations made, to satisfy the committee’s stipulations of certain aspects of the project that may require deception (NHMRC, 2001). STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the main, this paper seeks to examine from a manager’s point of view, the ethical standards of securing business information in the healthcare industry and in comparison with the ethical standards of securing business information in the non-healthcare industries. As such, this paper intends to answer the following specific questions: What are the ethical standards of securing business information in the healthcare industry? What are the ethical standards of securing business information in the non-healthcare industries? and What is the comparison between the ethical standards of securing business information in the healthcare industry and the non-health care industries? HYPOTHESIS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ethical standards of securing business information in the healthcare industry are more rigid and standardized compared with the ethical standards of securing business information in the non-health care industries. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This paper is written in order to achieve the following objectives from a manager’s point of view: To determine the ethical standards of securing business information in the healthcare industry; To determine the ethical standards of securing business information in the non-healthcare industries; To compare and analyze the similarities and differences between the ethical standards of securing business information in the healthcare and non-health care industries; and To recommend for policies or managerial improvements based upon the analysis and implications of the comparison of ethical standards in the healthcare industry, and non-health care industries.   METHODOLOGY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this study, the literature search is considered to eliminate the possibility of needless duplication of the outcome of the study. The study found that there is no evidence that a comparative analysis of ethical practices was conducted in the health care and e-commerce industries. Hence the study started analyzing the ethical practices in both the industries to make a recommendation to the health care professionals.   The study found that literature review saves considerable time by building on what is already known as well as using tested methodology, including instruments. The study progresses by assessing the merit of previous studies: their soundness, relevance, design quality, findings and conclusions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The literature research, especially in the findings and recommendations of others, often provides more and more persuasive justification for research on the problem. Previous researchers often identify gaps or areas where more research is needed. Besides enlarging the knowledge about the topic, the method allows to gain and demonstrate skills in areas such as: Information seeking: the ability to scan the literature efficiently, using manual or computerized methods, to identify a set of useful articles and books, and Critical appraisal: the ability to apply principles of analysis to identify unbiased and valid studies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Literature is collected from Journal articles, books, Government reports, Theses, Internet articles and online magazines. Each of the sources has its own contribution to the paper. Journal articles were used for their up-to-date and concise information. Books were reviewed to have a basic ground theory and to collect facts on ethical practices. Government and corporate reports were studied to understand the relevant policies and legal frameworks for the ethical practices of the industries considered for the study. Theses and research papers were reviewed to understand and compare the knowledge gained in similar fields by authors and scholars.   Internet articles and online magazines were studied to review the application areas of the study in recent times to gather different opinions and illustrations. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This paper is organized and structured in accordance with the American Pyschological Association (APA) format. Chapter one discusses the introduction and background of the study including the statement of the problem, hypothesis, and its objectives, and methodology. Chapter two reviews the literature which is also the main research method in data gathering as well as in the preparation for analysis and discussion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chapter three analyzes and discussed the ethical standards of gathering information in the healthcare and non-health care industries. Finally, Chapter four concludes and make recommendations. Chapter 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE DISCLOSURE LAW AND SECURING INFORMATION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It must be agreed that the health sector is one of the most delicate and even complicated sectors of the national economy, and that it requires handling with utmost care. It is intimately concerned with handling the most delicate areas of personal information, as it is involved in the documentation of health records, and the treatment and handling of all ailments suffered by persons within society. So, the management of healthcare data requires competence and very high standard of ethics (Agelus, 2004). So here what must also inevitably be considered is the question of drafting laws and regulations to govern how this information can be secured in the best interest of the stakeholders (Morejon, 2006). Of importance is the question of what the ethical rules are which govern security of these data and information. Also of importance is the protection of the rights of all concerned, and this is what shall be explored here. Sage (2000) has identified the fact of the extreme popularity of laws that require physicians, hospitals, and other healthcare organizations to give extensive disclosure privileges to patients and customers.   He continues: The reason for this lies in politics, not policy: disclosure laws suggest a less intrusive role for government and greater reliance on individual choice and free markets than do other oversight mechanisms. This strikes   responsive chord in todays anti-regulatory political climate. At a policy level, however, few healthcare disclosure laws have been carefully designed to achieve specific objectives (Sage, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An interesting and important way in which this process in which regulations are diversified is able to manifest itself is though the popularity of these disclosure laws. (Morejon, 2006). Researchers have expounded on this matter by showing how patients have been requesting extensive information about their health records in direct response to the widening scope of managed healthcare (Marshall et al., 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It has also been applied to regulation ensuring the quality and safety of hospitals and physicians as well as to the laws that are responsible for the decisions made by patients concerning their treatment. The main issue that is currently being faced in the healthcare sector with the laws concerning disclosure is that they are not focused. In the words of Sage (2000), they are â€Å"scattershot, reflecting short-term political compromises or the equities of individual lawsuits rather than a coherent understanding of the purposes served by mandatory disclosure and the conditions necessary to achieve desired effects.† So it is obvious that managing and securing business information is a whole lot of serious issues. In spite of this fact, persons who advocate disclosure are usually quick to point toward such laws issued concerning federal securities as models for healthcare disclosure laws. Their argument is that Congress should carve out for the healthcare industry ethical regulations that are similar to those drafted and enforced by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) or by other financial agencies, such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). Sage (2000) agrees that these boards do have the ability to illuminate some of the issues regarding ethics that face the healthcare sector. However, Sage goes on to point out that â€Å"well-designed information requirements can serve therapeutic goals regarding openness, trust, and participation and can remind physicians and other health professionals of the tensions between their daily practice environment and their overarching ethical obligations (Sage, 1999).† Therefore, in order to design fitting ethical standards and reg ulations, the particular idiosyncrasies of the healthcare industry must be taken into consideration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is the job of the government to collaborate with the healthcare personnel to establish a hierarchy of actions through which ethical standards might be met. This will necessitate the prioritizing of such issues as education of the public and overall improvement of performance in as far as social issues may have a bearing on decisions made in healthcare. Furthermore, financial considerations should not have too great a bearing on the privacy and self-determination rights of citizens (Hsinchun et al., 2005). These are some of the basic issues that must be kept in mind in understanding the important role the healthcare sector is playing in securing and managing information. Another dimension of ethics exists in the form of economic theory, and in this dimension, no rule exists which stipulates that all consumers must necessarily be completely informed in order that efficiency exist in the sector (Baird et al., 1994). In fact, according to Sage: The SEC has had to accept the fact that the meaning of intricate corporate disclosure may elude unsophisticated recipients, especially as larger segments of the population purchase securities. It has become obvious that, the absence of a secondary market pricing mechanism in healthcare reduces the ability of a few sophisticated parties—such as large employers or government purchasers—to discipline the entire market and those few have smaller incentives to achieve informational superiority (Sage, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the opinion of Baird et. al. (1994), â€Å"overcoming the current degree of public ignorance is [still] a weighty challenge for a disclosure regime. This is particularly true because the least educated users of healthcare often have the greatest health needs and are vulnerable both to risk-selection in insurance and to substandard provision of care (Baird et. al., 1994).† The federal security laws establishing disclosure law, as pointed out by Sage (1999), has suggested three core reasons for its necessity, which are to (1) Facilitate market competition; (2) Monitor agents and intermediaries; and (3) Improve corporate governance. The researcher has seen fit to take the time to explain what these disclosure law is as it is considered the basis upon which rests a healthcare officer’s ability to comply with his ethical demands. Again, â€Å"it can serve varied and sophisticated purposes, but only if objectives are clearly articulated and laws carefully designed to achieve them (Sage, 2000).† Dealing with the science of human even veterinary medicine without properly enabling regulatory laws will only lead to frustrations and conflicts (Agelus, 2004; AMA, 1994). This is the foundation and   understanding upon which this research is based. ETHICS IN BOTH INDUSTRIES Every sector in the health delivery field has governing ethical standards that regulate its operations, be it theoretical, clinical, paramedic or even veterinary sectors. Regardless of the different departments, the governing ethical rules are basically very similar. Therefore, bodies exist for the purpose of overseeing and managing, as well as securing the interest, survival and maintenance of these ethical standards. In the same way, the non healthcare sector (covering such fields as technology, law, business, commerce and sports) have their own ethical standards by which all companies are expected to act (Agelus, 2004; Budd, 2005). The stringency of laws that back these ethics, however, tends to differ between the two sectors. Every one who operates in the field of life has a moral or compulsive obligation to play by the rules, and every organized body is governed by sets of rules. These might be rules concerning financial management, training, membership, and qualification for certification in certain fields. These rules all involve the regulation of standards of practice and may be as diverse as the scope of the organization itself. The fact and reality to be noted here is that every member, and all those who desire to be responsibly associated with such a body, must abide by the ethics of such profession in good conscience, and may even be willing to be reprimanded and disciplined when the need calls for it (Baird et al., 1994). For example, lawyers believe that advertising their profession will have dire consequences (David, 2005). So it is expected that no lawyer will be so hungry for patronage as to put up an advertisement to improve his number of cases handled. Professionally that would be unacceptable. In instances such as this, a violation of an ethical standard does not constitute a punishable offence, but would be regarded as a moral burden on such an individual. If it is agreed that lawyers must appear noble, if a â€Å"deviant† lawyer decides to publicly put up an advertisement in the papers or electronic media, there is no law that recommends prosecution. Colleagues, however, may look down on him, or at least see his actions as contemptuous. On the other hand, a civil engineer who opts to carry out an inferior job for a client may go unnoticed for a while. But if, by chance, such a building collapses over time, he may be sought out and may face possible prosecution. However, the reality is that certain ethical standards hardly have strong backing from the law enforcement agencies. The reason for this is that many are merely regulations and unwritten codes of understanding (Anstead, 1999). On the other hand, most health sector fields are very strict in adherence and implementation of their ethics of practice (AMA, 1994). The reason is quite obvious. The health sector has very strong relationship with maintaining human life, human health, hygiene, animal life, environmental concern, etc. So laxity, negligence, deliberate omission and commission may lead to casualties and unintended sad consequences. It could be conceded, therefore, that the ethics in the healthcare sector has a much stronger backing than its counterpart in the non-healthcare sector. For instance, a doctor who violates his code of practice, or carries out action that is not in conformity with the rules of practice will stand the risk of having his license withdrawn In his preface to his book, The Ethics of Human Resources and Industrial Relations, J.W. Budd, had this to say: In the business and economic spheres, many of the most pressing ethical issues involve the employment relationship, such as the rights of employees versus ER shareholders, employee privacy and monitoring, whistle blowing, pay equity, discrimination, employee safety, anti-union campaigns, and minimum labor standards. Since the field of human resources and industrial relations is ultimately about people and quality of life, there is a pressing need to develop applications of business ethics for the employment relationship in the context of research, practice, and teaching (2005, p. 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In following the media coverage of the many scandals which have plagued countries throughout the world, the public has gained a greater understanding of what can happen when businesses do not adhere to ethical practices. Many scholars of business ethics consider that it is now time for the human resources and industrial relations communities to explore the application of ethics to the employment relationship and to discover the importance of treating employees, not just numbers, properly. This goes to show that the issue of observing ethics in profession is gradually taking a more serious dimension (Marshall et. al., 2000; Sage,   2000). POSSIBLE CONFLICTS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     It has already been emphasized that certain beliefs and actions may be perfectly legal, but might yet be considered unethical. One organization, the Marriot Corporation, holds itself and its employees to some very high ethical standards (Anstead, 1999). In fact, certain aspects of the company’s standards might be said to be overdone. However, in the pursuit of comprehensive ethical standards, the dress code, for example, had once included certain stipulations that might today even be considered unethical. This had to do with the appearance of its employees while on the job, and on some level extends itself into areas that differentiate the sexes in what might be considered inappropriate ways today.   Some stipulations were (1) Prohibition of women from wearing skirts that go higher than about four inches above knee level; (2) Prohibition of women from showing bare legs and the requirement that they wear panty hose or long pants always; (3) Prohibition of women from wearing clothing that exposed their shoulders; (4) Prohibition of men from wearing their hair at a length that touches or goes beyond the collar without having express religious reasons for doing so; and (5) Prohibition of men from wearing certain types of jewelry, such as earrings. Despite the fact that such rules were considered binding within the confines of the company itself, nothing regarding them had anything to do with legal status at a judicial level. Still, within the culture of the Marriot Corporation, behaviors that went against the established codes were considered unethical (Anstead, 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is also no law exists that prohibits companies from outsourcing their manufacturing jobs for the sake of profit. Furthermore, though minimum wages might differ greatly between the host country and the United States, corporations are not bound to meet anything more than the minimum wage requirement of the host country in order to remain unsusceptible to legal action.    Succinct with to the two aforementioned examples, other practices (though lesser in degree by comparison) demonstrating illegal actions might be considered ethical by the majority of the public. The removal of office supplies at ones place of employment for personal use is one such example. Another is the installation of a copyrighted program on multiple computers within a company. Technically, such an action is in violation of intellectual property and other copyright laws (Budd, 2005; Software Use, 1999). Despite this, â€Å"the piracy of software is widespread, even in corporations that con sider themselves ethical† (Anstead, 1999). Like the healthcare industry, the software community has plenty of legal backing when it comes to the proper use of its products. Unlike the healthcare community, however, many breaches to the legal guidelines take place and little is (or can be) done to prevent this. One reason for this is that such illegal conduct is difficult to detect and control, and such widespread software knowledge exists that hackers may be able to get around security measures, further complicating the matter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Copyright law enacted by the Federal government seeks to protect software creators as soon as the product has been developed. Title 17 of the United States Code concerns the Copyright Act, see 17 U.S.C.A.  § 102, and accords exclusively to the developers and owners of software the right to reproduce and disseminate the work in question. Anyone found to encroach upon the rights of the owner of the copyright is subject to penalties, and those who purchase a copy the software has license only to put the software on one computer and create a back-up copy for the purposes of archiving it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The discrepancy one finds between the sentiments of different persons concerning software piracy is akin to the delicate difference between what is legal and what is ethical. Many people are adamant in their belief that certain illegal uses of software are indeed ethical. Yet, the financial impact that such piracy has globally is significant. One study has shown that in 1998, approximately 38% of all software installed in businesses worldwide was pirated, and this amounted to a reduction in profits of approximately $11 billion (SILA, 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When one considers the management of a non-healthcare businesses, it becomes clear that rules governing ethical practices are less stringent than those within the healthcare industry. Ethics are not compulsory, though it usually benefits the company to demonstrate ethical practices. The relationship between law and ethics becomes evident here again, and such a relationship is of immense importance in the area of management. It is one of the duties of managers to assess both what is considered legal and what is considered ethical in the running of their businesses. It is the job of managers, therefore, to ascertain whether employees and the company as a whole abide by the legal statutes and societal standards concerning ethics. Also important here is the evaluation of what is considered acceptable and ethical behaviors by customers—as they also must be satisfied as much as managers and employees are with the ethics of the company (Budd, 2005). It is of course true that no policy developed to secure ethical standards will be satisfactory to all concerned. However, managers have the responsibility of establishing the most comprehensive code of ethics possible given the information currently available to him or her. The code will have the advantage of demonstrating to employees, customers, and society alike that the company is at least concerned with the ethical practices of those who do business in and with it. In this way, businesses outside the health industry do themselves a favor by demonstrating ethical practices above and beyond their legal obligations. However, within most non-healthcare sectors, such attention to ethics is not mandatory (Budd, 2005).   Pains have been taken to go through the above details for the purpose of making it possible for readers to appreciate what and how ethics apply in other aspects of life. However, this study will be limited to the healthcare and non healthcare industries, focusing on their ethical standards in securing information. ETHICS AND PRIVACY   Sometimes, people may act deliberately to defy the written and unwritten codes of ethics within their line of work in the organizations. This may be done through deviant means, such as sophisticated electronic devices that facilitate the bugging or taping conversations that were never meant to be recorded. It appears that such actions occur more in the business world than in the health world. It is not, for example, common to hear of health workers engaging in such extreme activities in order to gain access to information of a delicate and private nature. However, one does hear of other forms of ethical breaches in the health sector and the pharmaceutical industry. Some scientists may also attempt to misrepresent the results of clinical trials for similar reasons. Such actions are unethical as they may eventually prove harmful to the public at large (Bassett, et al., 1992; Girotra, Terwiesch Ulrich, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The issue of consent according to the Privacy Rule, states that workers and establishments in the healthcare sector, such as physicians, hospitals and clinics must receive consent from patients or other clients before compromising or turning over to a third party information concerning that person’s state of health. Such permission must be given in written form prior to the disclosure and before any form of treatment or other operation can be performed (Sage, 2000). Currently, it is the practice of healthcare providers to â€Å"obtain a patients consent for disclosure of information to insurance companies or for other purposes (DHHS, 2001, p. 4).† This is done for reasons having to do with ethics and professionalism. The Rule itself has as its foundation these said practices, and these rules are eventually expanded for the purpose of having a uniform system by which workers in the healthcare sector can systematically gain consent for the procedures nece ssary to ensure the proper treatment of patients (DHHS, 2001; Hsinchun et al., 2005). GENERAL PROVISIONS   Ã‚  Ã‚   According to McNamarra (1999), the general provisions for ethical standards in the healthcare industry are as follows:  Ã‚   It is necessary for patients to give consent prior to being treated by health care provider that offers direct treatment to that patient. Such a health care provider may utilize or share protected health information (PHI) only for purposes of TPO. Exceptions to this standard are given subsequently; When an emergency arises (such as in the event of life-threatening accidents or communication barriers), it is possible for health care workers to use and disclose information concerning a patient without first having obtained his/her consent. This is especially true in the health care sector, where laws require that workers treat patients that come into their care; Certain members of the healthcare community whose employees have very minimal contact with patients, such as persons who work in laboratories, may use or disclose information concerning those patients without first obtaining their consent. Other organizations within the health care sector, such as health insurance agencies and clearinghouses also have the privilege of using or divulging patients’ information without gaining consent. These agencies do have the option of getting this consent if they wish to do so—but it is left to their discretion; Health care providers have the right to refuse treatment to any patient who fails to grant permission for disclosing their protected health information. It is not necessary for such consent to be obtained by more than one provider at any given time; and There is no real need for the document that gives consent to be an in-depth one. Such permissions may be given in very general language. The language must, however, be plain enough to be easily understood. It must also contain all that is necessary to make it clear to the patient that any information that is provided might be shared and that he/she does have the right to refuse, impose restrictions, and to peruse the privacy statement of the organization. The consent may be a brief document in written from with general terms. Any such statement must then be signed and dated by either the patient himself or the patient’s proxy (McNamara, 1999). INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Individuals have the right to revoke statement of consent except when the health care provider has already acted in response to the consent. Restrictions may be imposed upon the permissions for disclosures and uses of protected information. The provider is not obligated to agree to these restrictions, but must abide by those to which it does agree (McNamara, 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚     Patients must be privy to the privacy codes of the entity to which he/she gives permission to use or disclose information—and such access to the privacy code must occur before signing consent forms (Ibid). ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES According to the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), any consent form that is signed by a patient must be kept by the health care provider (or other entity) for a period of six years following its last effective date. The forms may be retained in paper form, electronically, or otherwise—this is left to the discretion of the provider.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Further provisions for privacy and consent have been issued, which stipulate that if a covered entity obtains consent and also receives an authorization to disclose PHI for TPO, the covered entity may disclose information only in accordance with the more restrictive document, unless the covered entity resolves the conflict with the individual. CONSENT VERSUS AUTHORIZATION â€Å"Consent† is the name given to any document that accords to health care personnel the permission regarding the usage and disclosure of delicate information regarding a patient. This permission is granted solely to the particular health personnel (Sage, 2000). It is not necessary that the consent form be specific about the type of information that will be used included in the disclosure (Sage, 2000). It is generally only the â€Å"direct treatment provider that has the legal right to obtain consent from the patient, and such a person should be â€Å"one that treats a patient directly, rather than based on the orders of another provider, and/or provides health care services or test results directly to patients.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An authorization differs in that it offers requests for permissions to patients in a fashion more tailored to suit them and their health needs. This offers permissions to use specific portions of a patient’s PHI for detailed and specific purposes. Such purposes are usually for things that are unrelated to the TPO or for disclosure to be done with a specified third party. Authorizations expire, while consent forms are more open concerning the time-frame in which information might be used or disclosed. Further stipulations include the fact that â€Å"covered entities may not condition treatment or coverage on the individual providing an authorization† and that it â€Å"states the purpose for which the information may be used or disclosed† (DHHS, 2001, p. 6). PRIVACY RULES IN THE HEALTH CARE SECTOR   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is highly necessary to have a deeper understanding of what privacy rule entails as a basis for sustaining quality ethical standard especially for someone working in the healthcare sector. In the healthcare industry, privacy is a more delicate issue than other sectors and its workings are very intricate. The background information released from the Office for Civil Rights, (DHHS, 2001; OCR, n.d.) indicates the intricacy of the Privacy Rule, which became effective on April 14, 2001. The Privacy Rule, according to the Department of Health and Human Services, â€Å"provides the first comprehensive federal protection for the privacy of health information† (DHHS, 2001, p. 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The different departments within the health care sector have all joined in support of the aims advocated by this rule to protect the privacy of the patient. However, these departments also understand how necessary it is that privacy not interferes with the treatment of patients (DHHS, 2001; OCR, n.d.). The delicacy of the privacy problem becomes even more apparent for other reasons. Though privacy consents and authorizations are generally granted to primary care providers, health care clearing houses and health insurers, it is usually the case that such entities require the aid of yet other entities (such as contractors) in order to provide the best care possible to the patient. To make allowance for the possibility of divulging PHI to such associates, conditions and stipulations are included in the privacy rule for ensuring that the provider obtain satisfactory assurances that the business associate will use the information only for the purposes for which they were engaged by the covered entity, will safeguard the information from misuse, and will help the covered entity comply with the covered entitys duties to provide individuals with access to health information about them and a history of certain disclosures. Therefore, personal health information can only be shared with contractors and associates when such information is necessary for the providers to do their jobs accurately and thoroughly. To facilitate the usefulness of this regulation to the health care officer as well as the individual in securing information in compliance to the ethical requirements, most health care providers must know that they are covered by the new rule and therefore must comply with the new requirements. Analysts have wondered whether these requirements for consent have not presented barriers to the proper treatment of patients, as this often necessitates open consultation with other specialists and health care providers. However, the stipulations of the consent requirements should not hinder such comprehensive treatment, as those providers who had at one time treated the patient would have also been required to obtain such consent. Furthermore, since necessary consultations with other health personnel are considered part of the â€Å"treatment of an individual, it is considered within consensual boundaries to engage in such consultation. Such actions are therefore considered ethical.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ethical practices in the commercial, technological and other industrial sectors are governed by corporate regulations and social responsibilities. The issues of these sectors differ from those of the health care sector, which deals with the more serious issues of providing medication for human and veterinary sciences, and as such, requires more serious and stringent ethical standard compliance (Hsinchun et al., 2005). PRIVACY IN THE CONTEXT OF E-COMMERCE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ethical difficulties associated with e-commerce revolve around privacy and identity, both with reference to the human subject involved in the transaction and transaction non refutability (Baum 1998, p.65; Suprina 1997, pp.8–12; Joyanes, 1997, pp.277–281).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The online e-store Amazon (Linden, G., Smith, B. York, J. as cited in Teemu Mutanen) uses consumer data on cross-selling growth and the   information about buying patterns is transformed into recommendations. Chris Anderson as cited in Teemu Mutanen argues that this combination of good-quality recommendations with huge inventory of items is a real business advantage. The advantage is gained only if the customer can be targeted with relevant recommendations, the variety of items is not sufficient. Hence E-commerce organizations tend to use the consumer data they have collected from their visitors through online transactions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, the online consumers expect ethics from the e-commerce traders in protecting the privacy of their details.   They want the e-commerce sites to have and to display a highly visible privacy policy, which can be easily understood. They want a prominent page where corrections of past mistakes are available. Berman Mulligan highlights that an internet-user possesses three expectations when online: (1) an expectation of anonymity, (2) an expectation of fairness and control over personal information, and (3) an expectation confidentiality (Berman Mulligan 1999).All three expectations are eliminated through three critical cyberspace practices that are (Gindin, 1997): 1) personal information provided on the Internet, (2) online transactions, and (3) government record keeping. Although each practice provides only a minute description of an individual’s personal life, the slow accumulation of such descriptive material may eventually expose a detailed profile (Mason 1986).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The consumers experiences on the Net concerning their privacy lists several themes. Beth Givens in his presentation, ‘Privacy Expectations in a High Tech World’ outlined the following themes on consumer experiences regarding privacy concerns: The first theme is the invisibility of data capture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A second theme is the potential ubiquitousness of data gathering, and the ability of data from several sources to be merged to create massive electronic dossiers on individuals. A third theme is invasion. Web sites can capture and track visitors clickstream data by placing small text files called cookies onto their hard drives. Unless users are savvy enough to set their browsers to notify them about the pending placement of a cookie, it is done without the users consent, and its an invisible process. A fourth theme is the fear of harm befalling Internet users – fear, and a fifth theme is confusion over their privacy rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The problem of privacy in e-commerce is concerned with the difficulty of securely conveying the information required for online transactions (Suprina, 1997 as cited in A.J.G. Sison).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Information technology and computer professionals began seriously considering the long-term effects of computer ethics in the late 1980s and early 1990s. They recognized the need to organize professionally through such bodies as the Association for Computing Machinery and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers to devise professional codes of conduct. However, the increasing proliferation of powerful computers in the hands of nonprofessionals widens the scope of potential problems. PRIVACY AND ETHICAL INFORMATION AMBIGUITY Ethical ideologists have confusing opinions most of the time, and such problems can actually undermine ethical practices (Budd, 2005). In one profession, an action which is not ethically sound may not even be considered an offense in law. In many cases, there is no clear demarcation as to what is ethically wrong and what is legally offensive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These are some problems encountered by those who practice in the healthcare field, and there exists by no means a consensus on what should be done in such cases (AMA, 1994). For example, economic ethical theorists believe it is the right of every citizen of a country to access health and medical opportunities, irrespective of his financial status (Budd, 2005).   DISCLOSURE LAW IN HEALTH CARE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It must be agreed that the health sector is one of the most delicate and even complicated sectors of the national economy, and that it requires handling with utmost care. It is intimately concerned with handling the most delicate areas of personal information, as it is involved in the documentation of health records, and the treatment and handling of all ailments suffered by persons within society. So, the management of healthcare data requires competence and very high standard of ethics (Agelus, 2004). So here what must also inevitably be considered is the question of drafting laws and regulations to govern how this information can be secured in the best interest of the stakeholders (Morejon, 2006). Of importance is the question of what the ethical rules are, that govern security of these data and information. Also of importance is the protection of the rights of all concerned, and this is what shall be explored here. Sage (2000) has identified the fact of the extreme popularity of laws that require physicians, hospitals, and other health care organizations to give extensive disclosure privileges to patients and customers.   He continues: â€Å"The main issue that is currently being faced in the health care sector with the laws concerning disclosure is that they are unfocussed†. In the words of Sage (2000), they are â€Å"scattershot, reflecting short-term political compromises or the equities of individual lawsuits rather than a coherent understanding of the purposes served by mandatory disclosure and the conditions necessary to achieve desired effects.† So it is obvious that managing and securing business information is becoming a serious issue from the standpoint of ethics and law. In spite of this fact, persons who advocate disclosure are usually quick to point toward such laws issued concerning federal securities as models for healthcare disclosure laws. However, Sage goes on to point out that â€Å"well-designed information requirements can serve therapeutic goals regarding openness, trust, and participation and can remind physicians and other health professionals of the tensions between their daily practice environment and their overarching ethical obligations† (Sage, 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Therefore, in order to design fitting ethical standards and regulations, the particular idiosyncrasies of the health care industry must be taken into consideration. This will necessitate the prioritizing of such issues as education of the public and overall improvement of performance in as far as social issues may have a bearing on decisions made in health care. Furthermore, financial considerations should not have too great a bearing on the privacy and self-d etermination rights of citizens (Hsinchun et al., 2005). These are some of the basic issues that must be kept in mind in understanding the important role the health care sector is playing in securing and managing information.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Certain practices that may be acceptable in a health care setting are included below under the condition that measures are taken to keep   minimum disclosures and other ways of exposing delicate information (Sage, 2000):   Health care personnel are at liberty to coordinate actions orally for the service of patients when located at nursing stations within a hospital;   Doctors, nurses, and others responsible for patients are allowed to converse about the condition of a patient currently under their care, whether on the phone, in the presence of the patient, with a provider, or with another (authorized) family member;   Doctors and nurses are allowed to converse concerning test results from a   laboratory. They may do so with the patient or just amongst themselves in an area for joint treatment; and   Health care personnel are also allowed to discuss the condition of a patient when involved in rounds dedicated to training when in an institution that facilitates the training of health care workers (Sage, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also necessary are ethical measures that govern the language that might be used during the care of a patient. When talking in elevated tones becomes necessary in a less-than-private location, the language used should be carefully tailored and then reinforced as the proper method of oral communication among colleagues.   In the same way, businessmen who may be discussing classified information may not be aware of the ability of a person in another room to hear the details of their private conversation. Nothing forces this hearer to block his ears or otherwise ignore the delicate information being transmitted to him, and as a result he becomes privy to privileged information (Budd, 2005; Sage, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Self-protection mechanism can be described with the online users when they decide on the choices provided for them without any assistance.   When individuals chooses not reply to â€Å"Spam† e-mail even to request removal from a mailing list since replies indicate to a company that individual’s e-mail account is active and marketable (Navrette, 1998). Such measures protect privacy information by providing steps that may prevent the transmission of personal information to business and criminals. In this protective mechanism, individuals remain in control of their own personal information without the assistance of other groups. ROLE OF HEALTH CARE ADMINISTRATOR   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Health care industry is also a business industry including management and administrative responsibilities. The managers of the health care industry are called as health care administrators who take responsibilities for planning, direction, coordination, and supervision and the delivery of health care. Unlike the administrators in other industries, health care managers include specialists and generalists. Generalists manage or help manage an entire facility or system, while specialists are in charge of specific clinical departments or services.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Due to the rapid changing in the structure, technology adaptations, evolving integrated health care delivery systems, an increasingly complex regulatory environment, restructuring of work, and an increased focus on preventive care, the role of the health care administrator is also changing and modifying according to the situation. They are responsible to improve efficiency in health care facilities and the quality of the health care provided.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The health care administrators are responsible for the maintenance of patient records, health plans etc., along with the regular Information System managers. In order to maintain authentication and privacy of such key records, the Healthcare administrators should be flexible with the technology, requirements and the developments in and around the industry. The accurate and continuous maintenance of patient record database lies in the hands of the health care administrator and he should maintain the patient record database accurately and completely.   In addition,   as the health care data is also being shared with others for the purpose of research and compliance practices, the expertise and skill levels of health care administrators have become more crucial in maintaining privacy and ethical practices of the industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this context the health care administrators are often called on to maintain and develop professional standards, procedures, and policies for their institutional activities. The expanding role of the health care administrator includes management of preventive medicine and health care programs, medical and vocational rehabilitation, community health and welfare etc. which needs good leadership and managerial skills along with sound knowledge of policy and protection regulations. CONCLUSION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The review of the literature is also the main research method in this study. As such, it was found in the review that ethical standards in acquiring business information in the healthcare industries are much more rigid and organized compared to the ethical standards in the non-health care industries. Thus, the review   affirms the temporarily the hypothesis of this study. Thus, the next chapter would further discuss and analyze the ethical standards of both industries so as to make a conclusive finding regarding the hypothesis of this study.